Types of concrete Wikipedia. There are many types of concrete, designed to suit a variety or purposes coupled with a range of compositions, finishes and performance characteristics. Regular concrete paving blocks. Concrete in sidewalk stamped with contractor name and date it was laid. Mix designeditModern concrete mix designs can be complex. The choice of a concrete mix depends on the need of the project both in terms of strength and appearance and in relation to local legislation and building codes. The design begins by determining the requirements of the concrete. These requirements take into consideration the weather conditions that the concrete will be exposed to in service, and the required design strength. The compressive strength of a concrete is determined by taking standard molded, standard cured cylinder samples. Many factors need to be taken into account, from the cost of the various additives and aggregates, to the trade offs between the slump for easy mixing and placement and ultimate performance. Sheet pile design software DeepXcav is the premier sheet pile design sofware in the world, years ahead of other sheet pile software. Concrete Supply Co, LLC. CSC as we know it today was formed in 1958 through the merger of three ready mix companies. Latest News. An OA17272014 was filed by CPWD Engineers Association in CAT, Principal Bench, New Delhi on 19. MACP as per promotional. Learn how to design, plan, and build a concrete stone patio with reatining walls, fireplace designs, outdoor kitchen ideas, and patio installation tips. Free c. Concrete Mix Design Software Free Download without registration Unlimited functionality Optional services free for 28 days No cancellation required. A mix is then designed using cement Portland or other cementitious material, coarse and fine aggregates, water and chemical admixtures. The method of mixing will also be specified, as well as conditions that it may be used in. This allows a user of the concrete to be confident that the structure will perform properly. Various types of concrete have been developed for specialist application and have become known by these names. Concrete mixes can also be designed using software programs. Such software provides the user an opportunity to select their preferred method of mix design and enter the material data to arrive at proper mix designs. Old concrete recipeseditConcrete has been used since ancient times. Regular Roman concrete for example was made from volcanic ash pozzolana, and hydrated lime. Roman concrete was superior to other concrete recipes for example, those consisting of only sand and lime1 used by other nations. Besides volcanic ash for making regular Roman concrete, brick dust can also be utilized. Besides regular Roman concrete, the Romans also invented hydraulic concrete, which they made from volcanic ash and clay. Modern concreteeditRegular concrete is the lay term for concrete that is produced by following the mixing instructions that are commonly published on packets of cement, typically using sand or other common material as the aggregate, and often mixed in improvised containers. The ingredients in any particular mix depends on the nature of the application. Regular concrete can typically withstand a pressure from about 1. Controller%281%29.jpg' alt='Software Concrete Mix Design' title='Software Concrete Mix Design' />MPa 1. MPa 5. 80. 0 psi, with lighter duty uses such as blinding concrete having a much lower MPa rating than structural concrete. Many types of pre mixed concrete are available which include powdered cement mixed with an aggregate, needing only water. Typically, a batch of concrete can be made by using 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts dry sand, 3 parts dry stone, 12 part water. The parts are in terms of weight not volume. For example, 1 cubic foot 0. This would make 1 cubic foot 0. The sand should be mortar or brick sand washed and filtered if possible and the stone should be washed if possible. Power Downloader Mp3. Organic materials leaves, twigs, etc. High strength concreteeditHigh strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 4. MPa 5. 80. 0 psi. In the UK, BS EN 2. High strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength class higher than C5. High strength concrete is made by lowering the water cement WC ratio to 0. Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium hydroxide crystals in the cement matrix, which might reduce the strength at the cement aggregate bond. Low WC ratios and the use of silica fume make concrete mixes significantly less workable, which is particularly likely to be a problem in high strength concrete applications where dense rebar cages are likely to be used. To compensate for the reduced workability, superplasticizers are commonly added to high strength mixtures. Aggregate must be selected carefully for high strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may not be strong enough to resist the loads imposed on the concrete and cause failure to start in the aggregate rather than in the matrix or at a void, as normally occurs in regular concrete. In some applications of high strength concrete the design criterion is the elastic modulus rather than the ultimate compressive strength. Stamped concreteeditStamped concrete is an architectural concrete that has a superior surface finish. After a concrete floor has been laid, floor hardeners can be pigmented are impregnated on the surface and a mold that may be textured to replicate a stone brick or even wood is stamped on to give an attractive textured surface finish. After sufficient hardening, the surface is cleaned and generally sealed to provide protection. The wear resistance of stamped concrete is generally excellent and hence found in applications like parking lots, pavements, walkways etc. High performance concreteeditHigh performance concrete HPC is a relatively new term for concrete that conforms to a set of standards above those of the most common applications, but not limited to strength. While all high strength concrete is also high performance, not all high performance concrete is high strength. Some examples of such standards currently used in relation to HPC are Ease of placement. Compaction without segregation. Early age strength. Long term mechanical properties. Permeability. Density. Heat of hydration. Toughness. Volume stability. Long life in severe environments. Depending on its implementation, environmental3Ultra high performance concreteeditUltra high performance concrete is a new type of concrete that is being developed by agencies concerned with infrastructure protection. UHPC is characterized by being a steel fibre reinforced cement composite material with compressive strengths in excess of 1. MPa, up to and possibly exceeding 2. MPa. 456 UHPC is also characterized by its constituent material make up typically fine grained sand, silica fume, small steel fibers, and special blends of high strength Portland cement. Note that there is no large aggregate. The current types in production Ductal, Taktl, etc. Ongoing research into UHPC failure via tensile and shear failure is being conducted by multiple government agencies and universities around the world. Micro reinforced ultra high performance concreteeditMicro reinforced ultra high performance concrete is the next generation of UHPC. In addition to high compressive strength, durability and abrasion resistance of UHPC, micro reinforced UHPC is characterized by extreme ductility, energy absorption and resistance to chemicals, water and temperature. The continuous, multi layered, three dimensional micro steel mesh exceeds UHPC in durability, ductility and strength. The performance of the discontinuous and scattered fibers in UHPC is relatively unpredictable. Micro reinforced UHPC is used in blast, ballistic and earthquake resistant construction, structural and architectural overlays, and complex facades. Pervious Pavement Pervious Concrete for Green, Sustainable Porous and Permeable Stormwater Drainage  Pervious concrete uses the same materials as conventional concrete, with the exceptions that the fine aggregate typically is eliminated entirely, and the size distribution grading of the coarse aggregate is kept narrow, allowing for relatively little particle packing. This provides the useful hardened properties, but also results in a mix that requires different considerations in mixing, placing, compaction, and curing. Proportioning pervious concrete mixtures is different compared to procedures used for conventional concrete and the mixture proportions are somewhat less forgiving than conventional concrete mixturestight controls on batching of all of the ingredients are necessary to provide the desired results. When developing pervious concrete mixtures, the goal is to obtain a target or design void content that will allow for the percolation of water. The void content of a pervious concrete mixture will depend on the characteristics of the ingredients, how they are proportioned and how the mixture is consolidated. Pervious concrete is typically designed for a void content in the range of 1. Generally as the void content decreases, the strength increases and permeability decreases. For pervious concrete mixtures it is even more important to verify through trial batches that the mixture achieves the characteristics assumed or targeted when developing mixture proportions. Frequently one finds that even though the design void content is 2. This depends on the workability of the mixture and amount of consolidation. Table 3 provides typical ranges of materials proportions in pervious concrete. Additionally, NRMCA has developed a pervious concrete mixture proportioning guideline and spreadsheet software that will develop trial batch mixture proportions using volumetric considerations and make the necessary calculations for production batches when mixture proportions are finalized after trial batch evaluations. Cementitious materials. As in traditional concreting, portland cements ASTM C 1. C 1. 15. 7 and blended cements ASTM C 5. C 1. 15. 7 may be used in pervious concrete. In addition, supplementary cementitious materials SCMs such as fly ash, pozzolans ASTM C 6. ASTM C 9. 89 may be used. Testing materials beforehand through trial batching is strongly recommended so that properties that can be important to performance setting time, rate of strength development, porosity, and permeability, among others can be determined. Supplementary cementitious materials SCMs such as fly ash, pozzolans, and slag can be added to the cement. These influence concrete performance, setting time, rate of strength development, porosity, permeability, etc. The key to high performance concrete is the use of SCMs. Silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace slag all increase durability by decreasing permeability and cracking. Silica fume is a byproduct of silicone production. It consists of superfine spherical particles which significantly increase the strength and durability of concrete. Used frequently for high rise buildings, it produces concrete that exceeds 2. Silica fume can replace cement in quantities of 5 1. Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants it used to be landfilled, but now a significant amount is used in cement. This material can be used to replace 5 6. Portland cement. Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of steel manufacturing. It imparts added strength and durability to concrete, and can replace 2. Figure 4. Pervious concrete is made with a narrow aggregate gradation, but different surface textures can be obtained through the use of different maximum sizes. The concrete in the box contained a 14 in. Aggregate. Fine aggregate content is limited in pervious concrete, and coarse aggregate is kept to a narrow gradation. Commonly used gradations of coarse aggregate include ASTM C 3. No. 6. 7 in. to No. No. 8 in. to No. No. No. No. 6. 7 1. 9. No. 8 9. 5 to 2. No. Single sized aggregate up to 1 inch 2. ASTM D 4. 48 also may be used for defining gradings. A narrow grading is the important characteristic. Larger aggregates provide a rougher surface. Recent uses for pervious concrete have focused on parking lots, low traffic pavements, and pedestrian walkways. For these applications, the smallest sized aggregate feasible is used for aesthetic reasons. Coarse aggregate size 8. Florida. Figure 4 shows two different aggregate sizes used in pervious concretes to create different surface textures. Generally, AC ratios are in the range of 4. These AC ratios lead to aggregate contents of between about 2. Higher AC ratios have been used in laboratory studies, but significant reductions in strength result. Both rounded aggregate gravel and angular aggregate crushed stone have been used to produce pervious concrete. Typically, higher strengths are achieved with rounded aggregates, although angular aggregates are generally suitable. Aggregate for pavements should conform to ASTM D 4. ASTM C 3. 3 covers aggregates for use in general concrete construction. As in conventional concrete, pervious concrete requires aggregates to be close to a saturated, surface dry condition, or close monitoring of the moisture condition of aggregates should allow for accounting for the free moisture on aggregates. It should be noted that control of water is important in pervious concrete mixtures. Water absorbed from the mixture by aggregates that are too dry can lead to dry mixtures that do not place or compact well. However, extra water in aggregates contributes to the mixing water and increases the water to cement ratio of the concrete. Figure 5. Samples of pervious concrete with different water contents, formed into a ball a too little water, b proper amount of water, and c too much water. Water. Water to cement ratios between 0. The relation between strength and water to cement ratio is not clear for pervious concrete, because unlike conventional concrete, the total paste content is less than the voids content between the aggregates. Therefore, making the paste stronger may not always lead to increased overall strength. Water content should be tightly controlled. The correct water content has been described as giving the mixture a sheen, without flowing off of the aggregate. A handful of pervious concrete formed into a ball will not crumble or lose its void structure as the paste flows into the spaces between the aggregates see Figure 5. Water quality is discussed in ACI 3. As a general rule, water that is drinkable is suitable for use in concrete. Recycled water from concrete production operations may be used as well, if it meets provisions of ASTM C 9. AASHTO M 1. 57. If there is a question as to the suitability of a water source, trial batching with job materials is recommended. Admixtures. Chemical admixtures are used in pervious concrete to obtain special properties, as in conventional concrete. Because of the rapid setting time associated with pervious concrete, retarders or hydration stabilizing admixtures are commonly used. Use of chemical admixtures should closely follow manufacturers recommendations. Air entraining admixtures can reduce freeze thaw damage in pervious concrete, and are used where freeze thaw is a concern. ASTM C 4. 94 governs chemical admixtures, and ASTM C 2.